AHSGE+Social+Studies+notes

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Alabama** High School **** Graduation Exam Review ** ** Social Studies  ** - They were a series of wars in which European Christians attempted to regain control of the holy land from Muslims. - People who fought in the war discovered new goods. - The Crusades lead people to desire these new goods from Asia. - This helped lead to exploration. - This was a period of renewed interest in science and learning in the 1300 and 1400s. - It helped make people curious about the world. - This made people want to explore the world. - This was a series of religious wars between Protestants and Catholics in the 1500s. -  //Protestants// were people who protested against the Catholic Church. - The Reformation led people to want to live in new places to get away from war and practice their religions. - This was the exchange of goods, foods, and other items between Europe and Africa and the Americas. - Some of the things that were brought harmed the New World, like disease. - They were Spanish conquerors who defeated Native American tribes and Explored the New World. - The following were famous Conquistadors //Columbus// – discovered the Americas //Cortez// – defeated the Aztecs //Pizzaro// – defeated the Incas //De Soto// – explored the Southeast and discovered the Mississippi **St. Augustine** - This was the first permanent European settlement in North America. - It was a Spanish colony in Florida. - This was the first permanent English colony in North America. - It was in Virginia. - Jamestown was led by Captain //John Smith//. - People in Jamestown did not become successful until they began growing //tobacco//. - This was the first representative government in the New World. - It was the government of the Virginia Colony. - This was a religious revival movement that occurred in the colonies in the mid 1700s. - A war between France, France’s Indian allies, and Great Britain. - Great Britain won and gained all French land in North America. - Britain needed money after the war so they began to tax their colonies in America. - Taxes made the colonists angry because they did not have any representation in the British government (//Parliament//). - This helped lead colonists in America to want independence - The following were famous taxes: The //Stamp Act// – a tax of paper goods The //Tea Act// – a tax on tea - Great Britain restricted the colonists’ ability to trade. - They were not allowed to trade with people from other countries. - This helped to lead some colonists to want independence from Great Britain. - In 1770, British soldiers killed five men in Boston. - The //Sons of Liberty// (a group that wanted independence from Britain) used this event to make other colonists angry at Britain. - Members of the //Sons of Liberty// threw tea into Boston Harbor as a means of protest. - They were unhappy about paying the Tea Tax. - Britain punished Massachusetts and sent troops to enforce laws. - This meeting was called to protest Britain’s punishment of Massachusetts. - //Patrick Henry// gave a speech in the First Continental Congress that made many people desire independence. - He said: “Give me liberty, or give me death.” **Lexington** **and Concord** - This is where the first shots of the American Revolution took place in 1775. - This meeting was called after fighting began. - They created an army called the Continental Army. It was led by George Washington - This meeting became the government for the colonies during the Revolution. **Bunker Hill** - This was this first real battle of the Revolutionary War. - After Bunker Hill, the Second Continental Congress declared its independence from Britain. - Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the //Declaration of Independence//. - //Magna Carta// – a listing of rights that English people had. - //John Locke// – an English philosopher who believed all people are born with //natural rights// (life, liberty, and property). Also, Locke believed if a government does not protect people’s natural rights, then they can get rid of the government (the //social contract theory//). - //George Washington// – he led the army - //Samuel Adams// – he was the leader of the Sons of Liberty - //Paul Revere// was a member of the Sons of Liberty who warned colonists in Lexington that “the British are coming.” - //Saratoga// – after Americans won this battle the French became allies with America. This battle is considered the “turning point” of the war. - //Valley Forge// – George Washington was able to keep his army together after they nearly froze and starved to death here. - //Yorktown// – after this battle the British surrendered and the Revolution ended. - This treaty ended the American Revolution. - The United States was given independence. - Its territory was from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and from Canada to Florida. - This was the first government of the United States. - It was a weak government that could not raise money with taxes. - State governments had more power than the government under the Articles. - The Land //Ordinance of 1795// established a system for dividing up land into small square sections called //townships.// - The //Northwest Ordinance// of 1787 divided the Northwest Territory (IN, IL, OH, MH, MN, WS) and set up a system by which territories could become states. - A meeting was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation. - They made a new government instead called the //Constitution//. - The first paragraph of the Constitution is called the //Preamble//. It lists the purposes of the government. - The Constitution divides the government into three branches to separate their power. - Under the //Great Compromise// the legislative branch would have two parts. The //House of Representatives// would be based on the number of people in each state. The //Senate// would have equal representation from each state. - Under the //Three-Fifths Compromise// slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person so Southern states could count them for representation in the House. - The Constitution created a //federal government//. This is a government in which the states are under the power of a national government. - The //Elastic Clause// of the Constitution allows the government to change over time. - It is a statement that says the government has the right to make new laws that is feels are “necessary and proper.” - These were a series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. - These articles attempted to persuade people to ratify (or vote on) the Constitution. - Some people were afraid the government created by the Constitution would become to powerful. - They wanted a //Bill of Rights//. This is a list of the basic rights people have. - The Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments. - The //First Amendment// protects freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly. - The //13th Amendment// freed slaves. - The //14th Amendment// guarantees that all people born in the U.S. are citizens and have equal rights with every other citizen. - The //15th Amendment// granted the right to vote to all men. - The //19th Amendment// granted the right to vote to women. - //Black Codes// and //Jim Crow Laws// were laws written in the South after the Civil War that restricted the rights of African Americans. - Napoleon, the leader of France, needed money to fight a war. He sold the Louisiana Territory (1/3 of the present US – all west of the Mississippi River) to the United States. - Thomas Jefferson was the president who made the purchase in 1803. - Jefferson sent two explorers, //Lewis and Clark//, to explore the Louisiana Purchase Territory. - They traveled making scientific observations about plants and animals and the met with the Indian tribes of the West. - They traveled for nearly two years from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific Ocean and back. - Great Britain and France fought a war after the American Revolution. - Jefferson decided to punish both countries for harassing Americans during their war. - He passed an //embargo//. This meant that the U.S. would not trade with either county. - However, it hurt the U.S. more than it did them. - In 1812 the United States and Great Britain went to war. - Americans were upset because Britain used //impressments//. This meant they kidnapped American sailors and forced them to work in the British navy. They also supported Indian attacks against the U.S.  -  //Andrew Jackson// defeated the Creek Indians at //Horseshoe Bend// in Alabama during the War of 1812. - At //Ft.// //McHenry//, Francis Scott Key wrote the //Star-Spangled Banner.// -  Andrew Jackson defeated the British at //New Orleans////.// - The War of 1812 ended positively for Americans when the British decided to stop fighting. - //Nationalism,// pride in one’s country, grew after the war. - American industry grew during the war because Americans could no longer buy foreign goods. -  The U.S. government passed //tariffs// (taxes on imported goods) to help American businesses. The taxes made foreign goods more expensive. - After the War of 1812, people were generally happy with the U.S.   -  This period is called the //Era of Good Feelings.// - During the early 1800s, Americans started to make their own, distinct culture. - Several writers became well known during this period. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Edgar Alan Poe, Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, Emily Dickinson - Henry Clay, a senator from Kentucky, came up with a plan for the government to build roads and canals. - He thought it would improve the U.S. and its economy. - However, the plan never passed. - During the Era of Good Feelings, in 1819, Alabama became a state. - This was an agreement in 1820 whereby Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was forbidden north of the 36°30‘ line of latitude. - An order by President Monroe in 1823 warning European countries against further colonization in North or South America. - Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the early 1800s. - He helped increase the power of the federal government and the Court system. - In the case of //Marbury v. Madison,// John Marshall said federal courts have the right to declare a law unconstitutional. This is called //judicial review.// - This Supreme Court decision states that states cannot interfere with interstate commerce (trade between states.   -  Jacksonian Democracy refers to the growing spirit of democracy in the U.S. after Andrew Jackson’s election as president in 1828.   -  Part of Jacksonian Democracy was the growing power that common people had.   -  Jackson believed that the common man deserved more power in government and in life.   -  During this period state got rid of property qualifications for voting.   -  The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters is called the //spoils system//.   -  Andrew Jackson used this system.   -  South Carolina did not like the tariff on foreign goods.   -  They decided to //nullify// the law. This means they chose not to follow it. They also threatened to //secede// or leave the union.    -   A new tariff was passed and South Carolina took away its threat. - Andrew Jackson decided to remove all Indian tribes from the Southeast (including Alabama). - Indians were moved to Oklahoma (the Indian Territory). - In the //Trail of Tears// thousands of //Cherokees// died as they were forced to move. - After the War of 1812, people began to move out west. - Most Americans believed it was God’s will that Americans live from sea to sea. This was known as //manifest destiny.// -  They moved on a series of trails known as the //Santa Fe Trail////, the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail,// and //the California Trail.// - In 1849 thousands of people began to move to California when gold was discovered there. This was known as the //gold rush.// - Texas belonged to Mexico when Americans began to move there. - In the 1830s, Texas fought for independence from Mexico. - In 1848, the U.S. went to war with Mexico. - The U.S. got Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado from Mexico. - This is known as the Mexican Cession. - This compromise allowed California to become a free state while the New Mexico territory would be allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide about slavery. - Popular sovereignty is allowing people to decide on an issue by voting - The most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 was the Fugitive Slave Law. - This law required Northern States to help capture and return runaway slaves. - This act allowed these two territories to use popular sovereignty to determine if they wanted slavery. - It led to several years of violence in Kansas. This period was known as Bleeding Kansas. - In the Supreme Court case of //Dred Scott v. Sanford// slaves were considered property and, thus, slavery could not be denied anywhere. - Also, black persons, free or slave, did not have any rights. - John Brown was an abolitionist who attempted to start a slave rebellion by taking a Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry Virginia. - He tried to arm slaves, but he was captured before it could work. - Abraham Lincoln, a Republican who was opposed to the expansion of slavery into the West, was elected as president. - His election led several Southern states to secede (leave) the union. - Several Southern states formed a new government after Lincoln’s election (The CSA). - The first state to secede was South Carolina. - Its capital was at first in Montgomery, Alabama. It was later moved to Richmond, Virginia. **Ft.** **Sumter** - In 1861, at Ft. Sumter South Carolina, the Civil War began when Confederate Forces opened fire on a U.S. (Union) fort. - Restore the Union. - Preserve the power of the federal government over the states. - End slavery. - Create an independent nation. - Preserve the powers of the states. - Defend slavery. **North Alabama** **During the War** - Winston County, Alabama and the western counties of Virginia seceded from their states because they did not agree with the Civil War. - During the Civil War, blacks fought for both sides. - However, most blacks fought for the Union. - The most famous black military unit during the Civil War was the 54th Massachusetts. - During the Civil War, Congress passed this law. - It gave free land (150 acres) in the West to people willing to live on that land. - During the Civil War, Congress passed this law. - Under this law, states were required to establish colleges, called Land Grant Schools, whose purpose it was to teach agriculture and mechanical skills (a & m’s). - People in both the North and the South were often drafted, or forced, to serve in the military. - However, on both sides there were people who opposed, or refused to serve, in the military. - This proclamation issued by Lincoln freed slaves in the Confederate States. - Lincoln was sometimes criticized for breaking Constitutional rights during the war. - In some cases, he denied people arrested a //writ of habeas corpus.// This means they were not informed of why they were arrested or allowed to have a trial. - The first major battle of the Civil War was First Bull Run (First Manassas). - The capture of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River ensured the Union was able to blockade the South. - Robert E. Lee (Confederate general) was defeated in his attempt to invade the North at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. - Sherman’s March to the sea through Georgia led to widespread devastation. **Gettysburg** **Address** - After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln gave a speech to honor the dead in which he reaffirmed the idea that “all men are created equal.” **Appomattox** **Courthouse** - At Appomattox Courthouse in 1865, Virginia, Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant (Union commander). - This was the end of the Civil War - The Civil War was the deadliest war in our history. Over 600,000 Americans (on both sides) died. - Much of the South was devastated, both economically and socially. - Nearly 4 million slaves were now free. **Lincoln****’s Assassination** - After the war ended, President Lincoln was assassinated. - Andrew Johnson became the new president. - Reconstruction was the attempt to rebuild the South after the Civil War. - It was also the attempt to correct the wrongs of the past that had been done to slaves. **Lincoln****’s Plan** - Lincoln wanted Southern states to abolish slavery and apologize for the war. - His plan was considered lenient. - After Lincoln’s assassination, Congress took control of Reconstruction. - They wanted to punish the South and make significant changes in the South. - It is sometimes called Radical Reconstruction. - Under Radical Reconstruction, the South would be controlled for many years following the war by the Union army. - The South was divided into military districts. - Southern states passed strict laws to keep blacks from gaining rights during Reconstruction. - They were called black codes. - Carpetbaggers were northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction to take advantage of problems in the period after the war. - Scalawags were Southerners who cooperated with Northern officials to take advantage of problems in the period after the war. - The Klan was organized to resist the social changes that occurred during Reconstruction. - They attempted to frighten blacks from practicing their rights (like the right to vote). **U.S.** **Grant** - Grant was president during much of the Reconstruction period. - His presidency was marked by numerous political scandals. - The most famous scandal was the Credit Moblier Scandal. - The election of 1876 ended with a dispute as to who won. - A compromise was made that allowed Rutherford B. Hayes (a Republican) to become president. - In return, Reconstruction in the South ended. - This Compromise marks the end of Reconstruction. -  In the late 1800s, many Southerners wanted to make a //“New South”.// - This meant they wanted to bring industry and education to the South. - During the late 1800s, race relations deteriorated in the South. -  Southerners practiced segregation and other forms of legal racial discrimination. These laws were known as //Jim Crow Laws.// - After the Civil War, black communities were created throughout the South. - Segregated churches and schools led to a close knit society for blacks. - As Americans moved west, more conflict began with Indian tribes. - The Sioux Indians fought several times with the U.S. military. -  At //Little Big Horn// the U.S. military led by //Gen. George Armstrong Custer// was defeated by a Sioux chief named //Sitting Bull// - One of the biggest problems Indians on the Great Plains faced was the near //annihilation// (destruction) of the buffalo herds by over hunting by whites. - Plains Indians used buffalos for food, clothing, to make tent materials, etc…. - Steel plow: made it easier for farmers to plow their fields. - Windmill: allowed farmers to use wind power to run machinery and generate electrical power. - barbed wire: allowed farmers to mark off their property and keep their animals on the property. - railroads: (most important innovation) allowed people to easily move west; town developed around the rail lines. - This term refers to agriculture or a rural way of life. - The //Grange// was an organization that helped farmers gain influence in the government; they fought for the rights of farmers. - This was another organization that fought for the rights of farmers. - This was a political movement by farmers that fought for: direct election of senators; government control of utilities; regulation of railroads; silver as the currency instead of gold - William Jennings Bryan and James Weaver were leading Populists. - Several factors that led to industry developing in the late 1800s were: abundance of natural resources; rivers; large workforce because of immigration - Oil and electricity started to be new sources of power in the late 1800s. - In the late 1800s and early 1900s several new communication systems were created. phonograph the telephone transatlantic cable radio **Alabama** **Industry** - Iron, steel, and coal all became leading industries in Alabama in the late 1800s. - Birmingham and Anniston both became leaders in iron and steel. - Lumber, shipping, and textiles also became important industries in Alabama. - A monopoly (or trust) is when one company has total control of all the companies that make a certain product. - People thought they were unfair because they kept prices high. - Robber Barons were industry leaders who became powerful by running their competition out of business. - Rockefeller became the leader in the oil business. - Andrew Carnegie became the leader in the steel industry. - Theory that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people’s pursuit of success. - This was the belief that people should give back part of their wealth to the community. - Alger was an author who wrote “rags to riches” novels. - He became popular in the late 1800s. - Many people saw his stories as a “role model.” - Cities grew dramatically in the late 1800s. - Reasons for this were: immigration; plentiful jobs; growth of industry - Overcrowding in the cities. - Poverty levels were high. - Immigrants were often faced discrimination in the workplace. - Children often worked long hours in dangerous locations. - Women were paid less that men and had no opportunity for advancement in the workplace. - Labor unions grew rapidly in the late 1800s because of problems in the workplace. - A union is a group that works for workers’ rights. - Strikes became a common form of protests. - Some people did not like the rapid growth of immigration in the late 1800s. - Some sought to restrict immigration to the U.S.   -  For example, in the late 1800s, all Chinese immigration to the U.S. was stopped. - In the early 1900s (20th Century), the Progressive Movement attempted to fix the problems caused by urbanization and industrialization. - Muckrakers were writers who exposed corruption and problems in society. - They wrote about these problems in an attempt to get people to deal with the problems. - This was a book by Upton Sinclair that exposed the terrible conditions in the meat industry. - His book led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. - Women were some of the leaders of this movement for change. - Jane Addams attempted to help new immigrants to the U.S.   -  Ida Tarbell, a muckraker, fought against the corruption in the Oil business. - This was a movement to gain political and social rights for African Americans. - It was begun by W.E.B. Dubois. - They National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) came out of this movement. **Atlanta** **Exposition (Compromise)** - Booker T. Washington’s statement of belief that African Americans needed to gain economic rights before being concerned with gaining political rights. - Booker T. Washington formed this school in Alabama to help African Americans gain work skills. - George Washington Carver was a scientist at Tuskegee who developed uses and encourage the growth of peanuts. - This Supreme Court case in the 1890s stated that segregation in the U.S. was legal. - This led to Southern states beginning to segregate their society even more than before. **Alabama****’s 1901 Constitution** - In 1901 Alabama rewrote their constitution. - It has been widely criticized because it took rights away from African Americans. - 16th: the federal income tax - 17th: the direct election of senators by the people - 18th: prohibition of alcohol - 19th: women’s suffrage rights - Theodore Roosevelt: enforced antitrust laws (anti-monopoly). He also attempted to protect the environment. - Woodrow Wilson: created the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission (it monitors business practices) - This progressive act by Wilson restructured the banking system in America. - It attempted to control the flow of money in the United States. - Four Candidates: Democrat: Woodrow Wilson Republican: William Howard Taft Progressive (Bull Moose Party): Roosevelt Socialist: Eugene V. Debs - Wilson won the election - In the late 1800s and early 1900s the U.S. became an imperialist nation. - This means that countries attempted to dominate weaker countries. - Search for raw materials - to become a world power - create a market in which a nation can sell its goods. - In the early 1890s, American citizens overthrew the government of Hawaii. - In the late 1890s, the U.S. annexed (added to) Hawaii. - The U.S. wanted it for a naval base. - The Spanish colony of Cuba rebelled in the late 1890s. - The U.S. supported Cuba. - The war with Spain began after a US battleship, //The Maine//, was sunk. - Yellow Press (the exaggeration of news stories) helped lead to the war. - Theodore Roosevelt led his unit, //the Rough Riders//, in a battle in Cuba called San Juan Hill. - The U.S gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam from the war. - Cuba gained its independence, but the U.S. held power over them. - The U.S. wanted free trade with China. - Roosevelt began the construction of the canal through Panama. - Dr. William Gorgas (of Alabama) helped wipe out yellow fever in Panama so that workers on the canal could work. **Roosevelt** **Corollary ** - This was Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine that stated the U.S. had the right to intervene in South American nations to stop problems. - The **MAIN** causes: **M**ilitarism: the aggressive build up of a nations armed forces in preparation for war. **A**lliances: a system of alliances in Europe bound these countries to come to each others aid in case of attack. **I**mperialism: European countries competed with each other for land around the world. **N**ationalism: a.)some countries worked for their own national interests, b.) while some countries were divided by ethnic groups that wanted their own nation.. - The event that sparked WWI into beginning was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. - His death sparked a conflict which quickly spread into war, but the four MAIN causes were the real reason of the war. - The war between Germany and France, Great Britain, and, later the U.S., took place in the Western part of Europe. - Most of the war was fought in horrible conditions in trenches. **U.S.** **Entry into WWI** - The German practice of unrestricted submarine warfare was one cause of the U.S.’s entry into WWI. Example: The sinking of the //Lusitania// - The Zimmerman Note (Telegram) was one of the causes. - The Germans attempted to get the Mexicans to go to war with the U.S. to keep us from fighting Germany. - The U.S. began to ready troops for war following these events. **America****’s Military Role** - The U.S. entered WWI near the end of the war. - The U.S. provided fresh troops, supplies, and a boost in morale. - The U.S. had to raise money for the war by selling //liberty bonds//. - The government began to organize corporations for the purpose of preparing for war. - Hatred of foreigners, especially Germans, increased during WWI. - This is known as nativism. - During the war, the government banned criticism of the war with the Espionage and Sedition Acts. - During the war several innovations occurred: airplanes machine guns tanks submarines poison gas - This treaty ended WWI - In this treaty, Germany lost all its colonies, its military, had to make reparations of over $30 billion, and had to accept a war-guilt clause. this meant they had to accept blame for the war - This treaty also created a League of Nations - President Wilson wanted the U.S. to become a member of the League and sign the treaty. - The U.S. did not become a member of the League or did it sign the Treaty of Versailles. - Congress rejected the treaty. - This treaty was so hated in Germany that it would be one of the leading factors leading into WWII. - This term refers to the period of rapid development and change that occurred in the 1920s. - A group of writers who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values. - Some of these writers were F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernst Hemingway. - The African American literary movement centered in Harlem (in New York City) - Some of the writers were Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Cuntee Cullen, Langston Hughes. - This refers to the rise in popularity of jazz music in the 1920s. - W.C. Handy (from Alabama) becomes one of the leaders of this new musical style. - The development of the radio and the film industry led to the rise of a national culture. - Poverty, an unorganized labor force, a decline in farm prices were all problems faced in the 1920s. - The 18th Amendment banned alcohol. - It had the undesirable effect of causing a rise in crime in the U.S.   -  Crime bosses, like Al Capone, became rich selling alcohol. - Women gained the right to vote in the 1920s with the passage of the 19th Amendment, - Margaret Sanger became an advocate for birth control rights for women. - In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan rose in power. - As the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North occurred, racial problems, like riots, in Northern cities grew. - In the South, lynching (hangings) became commonplace. - Fear of different ethnic and foreign groups grew following WWI. - The Red Scare (a fear of communism) developed because many saw it as a foreign plot to destroy America. - Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were executed for murder, but who were most likely innocent. - The trial became a symbol for the fear of foreigners that developed in the 1920s. - Immigration laws were changed during the 1920s to make it more difficult for foreigners to move to the U.S.. - Disparity of income – great differences between the poor and the rich - Stock market speculation – too many people were investing in stocks who could not afford it and the value of stocks were overrated. - Collapse of the farm economy – farmers were suffering in the 1920s due to overproduction and low prices for their goods - In 1929, the value of all stocks in America fell dramatically. - This “crash” in value is the event that sparked the Great Depression. - Many people became unemployed, homeless, and malnourished. - In western states like Kansas and Oklahoma, severe dust storms added to the problems caused by the Great Depression. **Alabama****’s Economy** - Poor Alabamians suffered tremendously during the Depression. - Those who were especially hurt were poor farmers in the Tennessee River Valley and in the Appalachian Mountain region. - Hoover, a Republican, was president when the Great Depression began - He believed the government should not get involved with the economy. This belief is known as //laissez-faire.// - He believed the economy, if left alone, would correct itself. - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, was elected because he said the government should help the economy improve. -  His plan to end the depression was called the //New Deal// - One of the first parts of FDR’s plan was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). - It insures people’s bank accounts. - Social Security provides pension plans to workers when they retire. - It also provides aid to those who are unemployed or disabled. - The Works Progress Administration put unemployed people to work in construction projects as well as other types of work. - The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) put young men to work building parks and roads. - The National Labor Relations Board helped solve problems between workers and employers. - This act helped create the minimum wage. - The New Deal was sometimes criticized for being expensive and giving the government more power. - Movies and radio programs became a way to escape the problems of the Depression - FDR spoke on the radio to Americans to lift their spirits. These talks were known as //fireside chats.// - In Europe the Causes of WWII were: The Munich Conference – this meeting allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland. They promised not to take anything else. They lied. Invasion of Poland – in 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war. - In Asia the Causes of WWII were: Japanese expansion – the Japanese expanded their empire into other nations in Asia. The U.S. was unhappy about this. Pearl Harbor – the Japanese attacked a U.S. Naval base in Hawaii in Dec of 1941. This led the U.S. to declare war on Japan. - The Axis Powers were: Japan, Italy, and Germany - The Allied Powers were: Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union (USSR), China, and Japan - FDR: president of the United States - Stalin: leader of the Soviet Union - Churchill: Prime Minister of Great Britain - Hitler: leader of Germany; leader of the Nazi party - Mussolini: leader of Italy - In the United States during WWII, women got new rights: Women served in the military as support personnel More importantly, women worked in factories taking the place of men who were fighting - Goods were rationed during the war. This meant that goods were limited to the amount you could purchase so that there was enough for the soldiers. - The government sold war bonds to raise money for the war. - Germany’s Nazi army was defeated by the Soviet army at Stalingrad. - This battle marked the “turning point” of World War II in Europe. - The Japanese defeat at Midway Island by American forces marked the “turning point” of World War II in Asia. **North Africa** - Dwight D. Eisenhower led the first major invasion by American forces in World War II in North Africa. - The invasion led to German and Italian troops being driven out of Africa. - Eisenhower led U.S. forces in Europe. - Douglas MacArthur led U.S. forces against Japan. - During WWII Hitler ordered that the Jews of Europe be killed. - The genocide (mass murder) of the Jews is called the Holocaust. - Six million Jews were killed. - American troops helped to liberate (free) the Concentration Camps that held Jews who were still alive. - The Manhattan Project was the name of the secret plan to build an atomic bomb in the United States. - The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. - The second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. - The Japanese surrendered after the bombs were used. - The U.S. in both wars was at first neutral. - In both wars the U.S. fought Germany. - In both wars the U.S. fought to help spread democracy.
 * The Crusades **
 * The Renaissance **
 * The Reformation **
 * The Columbian Exchange **
 * Conquistadors **
 * Jamestown **
 * Virginia House of Burgesses **
 * The Great Awakening **
 * French and Indian War **
 * Taxation **
 * Lack of Free Trade **
 * The Boston Massacre **
 * The Boston Tea Party **
 * The First Continental Congress **
 * Patrick Henry **
 * The Second Continental Congress **
 * The Declaration of Independence **
 * Inspirations for the Declaration **
 * Leaders of the Revolution **
 * Battles of the American Revolution **
 * Treaty of Paris (1783) **
 * The Article of Confederation **
 * The Land Ordinances **
 * The Constitution **
 * The Federalist Papers **
 * The Bill of Rights **
 * Other Amendments **
 * Violations of the Constitution **
 * The Louisiana Purchase **
 * Lewis and Clark **
 * The Embargo Act **
 * The War of 1812 **
 * Results of the War of 1812 **
 * The Era of Good Feelings **
 * American Culture **
 * Henry Clay’s American System **
 * Alabama **
 * The Missouri Compromise **
 * The Monroe Doctrine **
 * John Marshall **
 * // Marbury v. Madison //**
 * // Gibbons v. Ogden //**
 * Jacksonian Democracy **
 * The Common Man Ideal **
 * The Spoils System **
 * The Nullification Crisis **
 * The Indian Removal Act **
 * Manifest Destiny **
 * The Gold Rush **
 * Texas **
 * The Mexican War **
 * Compromise of 1850 **
 * Compromise of 1850 **
 * Kansas-Nebraska Act **
 * Dred Scott Decision **
 * John Brown Raid **
 * The Election of 1860 **
 * The Confederate States of America **
 * Northern Goals in the Civil War **
 * Southern Goals During the War **
 * Black Units During the Civil War **
 * Homestead Act **
 * Morrill-Land Grant Act **
 * Draft Opposition **
 * Emancipation Proclamation **
 * Legal Problems During the War **
 * Battles of the Civil War **
 * The Results of the War **
 * Reconstruction **
 * Congressional Reconstruction **
 * Military Control **
 * The Black Codes **
 * Carpetbaggers & Scalawags **
 * The Ku Klux Klan **
 * The Compromise of 1877 **
 * The New South **
 * Race Relations **
 * Black Cultural Changes **
 * Problems With Indian Tribes **
 * The Buffalo **
 * Innovations That Effected the West **
 * Agrarian **
 * The Grange **
 * Farmers’ Alliance **
 * Populist Movement **
 * Industrialization **
 * New Sources of Power **
 * Communication Changes **
 * Monopolies **
 * Robber Barons **
 * Social Darwinism **
 * Gospel of Wealth **
 * Horatio Alger **
 * City (Urban) Growth **
 * Urban Problems **
 * Work Problems **
 * Labor Unions **
 * Immigration Restrictions **
 * The Progressive Movement **
 * Muckrakers **
 * // The Jungle //**
 * Women in the Progressive Movement **
 * The Niagara Movement **
 * Tuskegee Institute **
 * // Plessey v. Ferguson //**
 * Progressive Amendments **
 * Progressive Presidents **
 * The Federal Reserve Act **
 * The Election of 1912 **
 * Imperialism **
 * Reasons for Imperialism **
 * Hawaii **
 * The Spanish-American War **
 * The Open-Door Policy **
 * The Panama Canal **
 * Four Long Term Causes of WWI **
 * The Immediate Cause of WWI **
 * The Western Front **
 * Mobilization **
 * The Homefront during WWI **
 * Technological Innovations **
 * Treaty of Versailles **
 * The Roaring Twenties **
 * The Lost Generation **
 * The Harlem Renaissance **
 * Jazz Age **
 * Mass Entertainment **
 * Underside of the 1920s **
 * Prohibition **
 * Women’s Issues **
 * Racial Problems **
 * Ethnic Conflicts **
 * Ethnic Problems **
 * Underlying Causes of the Great Depression **
 * The Wall Street Crash **
 * Problems in the Depression **
 * The Dust Bowl **
 * President Hoover **
 * FDR **
 * The New Deal: FDIC **
 * The New Deal: Social Security **
 * The New Deal: WPA **
 * The New Deal: CCC **
 * The New Deal: NLRB **
 * The New Deal: Fair Labor Standards Act **
 * The New Deal: Criticisms **
 * Cultural Changes During the New Deal **
 * Causes of WWII **
 * The Two Sides in WWII **
 * The Leaders in WWII **
 * Women in the War **
 * Life on the Homefront **
 * Stalingrad **
 * Midway **
 * Military Leaders of World War II **
 * The Holocaust **
 * The Atomic Bomb **
 * Compare WWI & WWII **